1. *Conversion of Mahaprajapati Gautami, Yeshodhara, and her Companions* -- 2. *Conversion of Prakrati, a Chandalika*
1 Conversion of Mahaprajapati Gautami, Yeshodhara, and her Companions
1. When the Blessed One had been on a visit to his father's home, the desire to join the Sangh was as keen among the Sakya women as it was among the Sakya men.
2. The leader of such women was no other than Mahaprajapati Gautami.
3. Now at the time when the Blessed One was staying among the Sakyas in the Nigrodharama, Mahaprajapati Gautami went to him and said, "It would be well, Lord, if women were allowed to become Parivrajakas and enter the Sangh under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata!"
4. "Enough, O Gautami! Let not such a thought come into your mind." And a second and a third time did Mahaprajapati make the same request in the same words, and a second and a third time did she receive the same reply.
5. Then Mahaprajapati Gautami, sad and sorrowful, bowed down before the Blessed One, and went away weeping and in tears.
6. After the Blessed One had left Nigrodharama for his wanderings, Mahaprajapati and the Sakya women sat together to give further consideration to their request for admission to the Sangh, and the refusal of the Lord to grant such a request.
7. The Sakya women refused to take the Lord's refusal as final. They decided to go further: to assume the garb of a Parivrajaka and present the Lord with a fait accompli.
8. Accordingly Mahaprajapati Gautami cut off her hair and put on orange-coloured robes, and set out with a number of women of the Sakya clan on her journey to meet the Lord, who was at that time staying in Vesali in the Mahavana in the Kutagara Hall.
9. In due course Mahaprajapati Gautami with her companions arrived at Vesali, and with swollen feet and covered with dust, came to the Kutogara Hall.
10. Again she made the same request to the Blessed Lord which she had made when he was staying at Nigrodharama, and he refused it again.
11. On receiving his refusal a second time, Mahaprajapati withdrew, and was standing outside the entrance of the hall not knowing what to do. While she was so standing, Ananda, on his way to the hall saw her and recognised her.
12. He then asked Mahaprajapati, "Why standest thou there, outside the porch, with swollen feet, covered with dust, and sorrowful, weeping and in tears?" "Inasmuch, O Ananda, as the Lord, the Blessed One, does not permit women to renounce their homes and enter the homeless state under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata," said Mahaprajapati.
13. Then did the Venerable Ananda go up to the place where the Blessed One was, and bowed down before the Blessed One, and take [=took] his seat on one side. And, so sitting, the Venerable Ananda said to the Blessed One, "Behold, Lord; Mahaprajapati Gautami is standing outside under the entrance porch, with swollen feet, covered with dust, sad and sorrowful, weeping and in tears, inasmuch as the Blessed One does not permit women to renounce their homes and enter the homeless state under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by the Blessed One. It were well, Lord, if women were to have permission granted to them to do as she desires.
14. "Has not Mahaprajapati proved herself of great service to the Blessed One, when as aunt and nurse she nourished him and gave him milk, and on the death of his mother suckled the Blessed One at her own breast; it were, therefore, well, Lord, that women should have permission to go forth from the household life and enter the homeless state, under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata."
15. "Enough, Ananda! Let it not [be?], please, that women should be allowed to do so." A second time and a third time did Ananda make the same request, in the same words, and received the same reply.
16. Then the Venerable Ananda asked the Blessed One, "What can be the ground, Lord, for your refusal to allow women to take Parivraja?
17. "The Lord knows that the Brahmins hold that the Shudras and women cannot reach moksha (Salvation) because they are unclean and inferior. They do therefore not allow Shudras and women to take Parivraja. Does the Blessed One hold the same view as the Brahmins?
18. Has not the Blessed One allowed the Shudras to take Parivraja and join the Sangh in the same way he has done to the Brahmins? What is the ground, Lord, for treating women differently?
19. Does the Blessed One hold that women are not capable of reaching Nibbana, under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by the Blessed One?"
20. The Blessed One replied, "Ananda! Do not misunderstand me. I hold that women are as much capable as men in the matter of reaching Nibbana. Ananda! do not misunderstand me, I am not an upholder of the doctrine of sex inequality. My rejection of Mahaprajapati's request is not based on sex inequality. It is based on practical grounds."
21. "I am happy, Lord, to know the real reason. But must the Lord refuse her request because of practical difficulties? Would not such an act bring the Dhamma into discredit, and make it open to the charge of upholding sex inequality? Could not the Lord devise some rules to get over such practical difficulties by which the Lord is worried?"
22. "Well, Ananda, I grant, if Mahaprajapati insists, that women must be allowed to take Parivraja under the doctrine and discipline proclaimed by me. But it shall be subject to eight conditions. Let Mahaprajapati Gautami take upon herself the responsibility of enforcing the Eight Chief Rules. That will be her initiation."
23. Then the Venerable Ananda, when he learnt from the Blessed One these Eight Chief Rules, went to Mahaprajapati Gautami and told her all that the Blessed One had said.
24. "Just, Ananda, as a man or a woman, when young and of tender years, accustomed to adorn himself, would, when he had bathed his head, receive with both hands a garland of lotus flowers, or of jasmine flowers, or of stimutaka flowers, and place it on the top of his head; even so do I, Ananda, take upon me these Eight Chief Rules, never to be transgressed during my lifelong [=lifetime]," said Mahaprajapati to Ananda.
25. Then the Venerable Ananda returned to the Blessed One, and bowed down before him, and took his seat on one side. And so sitting, the Venerable Ananda said to the Blessed One, "Mahaprajapati Gautami, Lord, has taken upon herself the responsibility for the enforcement of the Eight Chief Rules; she may therefore be regarded as having received the Upasampada initiation (entry into the Sangha)."
26. Now Mahaprajapati received ordination, and 500 Sakya ladies who had come with her were also ordained at the same time. Thus ordained, great Prajapati came before the Master, and saluting him, stood on one side, and the Blessed One taught her the Dhamma, the doctrine, and the discipline.
27. The other five hundred Bhikkhunis were ininstructed by Nandaka, one of the disciples of the Blessed One.
28. Among the Sakya women who became Bhikkhunis along with Mahaprajapati was Yeshodhara. After her initiation she came to be known as Bhadda Kaccana.
§ 2. Conversion of Prakrati, a Chandalika
2. It so happened that Ananda, his disciple, had gone into the city to beg for alms. After eating his food, Ananda was going to the river for drinking water.
3. He saw a girl on the river bank filling her pot. Ananda asked her to give him some water.
4. The girl, whose name was Prakrati, refused, saying she was a Chandalika.
5. Ananda said, "I am concerned with water, I am not concerned with your caste." The girl then gave him some water from her pot.
6. Thereafter, Ananda left for Jetavana. The girl followed him and saw where he was staying, and found that his name was Ananda and that he was a follower of the Buddha.
7. On returning home she told her mother, Matangi, what had happened; and falling on the ground, started weeping.
8. The mother asked for the cause of her weeping. The girl told the whole story, and said, "If you wish to marry me [=arrange my marriage], I can only marry Ananda. I will not marry anybody else."
9. The mother started on an inquiry. On [her] return she told the girl that such a marriage was impossible, for Ananda was under a vow of celibacy.
10. On hearing this news, the girl was filled with extreme sorrow, and gave up food. She was not prepared to take things as though it was a decree of fate. So she said, "Mother, you know the art of sorcery, don't you? Why don't you employ it to achieve our purpose?" The mother said, "I will see what can be done."
11. Matangi invited Ananda to her house for a meal. The girl became very happy. Matangi then told Ananda that her daughter was very anxious to marry him. Ananda replied, "I am vowed to be celibate, and therefore I cannot marry any woman."
12. "If you do not marry my daughter, she will commit suicide, so attached she is to you," Matangi told Ananda. "But I cannot help [this]," replied Ananda.
13. Matangi went inside, and told her daughter that Ananda refused to marry her.
14. The girl cried, "Mother, where is your sorcery?" The mother said, "My sorcery cannot win against the Tathagata."
15. The girl shouted and said, "Close the door, and do not allow him to go out. I shall see that he becomes my husband this very night."
16. The mother did what the girl wanted her to do. As night fell the mother brought in[to] the room a bed. The girl, dressed in her best, stepped in. But Ananda remained unmoved.
17. The mother at last used her sorcery. As a result, a fire broke out in the room. The mother then held Ananda by his clothes and said, "If you will not agree to marry my daughter, I will throw you in this fire." However, Ananda did not yield; and the mother and the daughter, feeling helpless, left him free.
18. Ananda, on his return, told the Blessed Lord all that had happened.
19. On the second day the girl came to Jetavana in search of Ananda. Ananda was going out for alms. Ananda saw her and wanted to avoid her. But the girl followed him wherever he went.
20. When Ananda returned to Jetavana, he found the girl waiting at the door of his Vihar.
21. Ananda told the Blessed One how the girl was pursuing him. The Blessed One sent for her.
22. When the girl appeared before him, the Blessed One asked her why she was pursuing Ananda. The girl replied that she was intent on marrying him. "I have heard he is unmarried and I am also unmarried."
23. The Bhagavan said, "Ananda is a Bhikku, and he has no hair on his head. If you can get yourself clean shaven I shall see what could be done."
24. The girl replied, "I am prepared for it." The Bhagavan said, "You must get your mother's permission for undergoing tonsure."
25. The girl returned to her mother and said, "Mother! I have achieved what you failed to achieve. The Bhagavan has promised to get me married to Ananda if I undergo tonsure."
26. The mother grew angry and said, "You must not do that. You are my daughter, and you must keep hair. Why are you so eager to marry a Shramana, Ananda? I can get you married to a better man."
27. She replied, "I will either die, or marry Ananda. There is no third alternative for me."
28. The Mother said, "Why are you insulting me?" The girl said, "If you love me you must let me do as I wish."
29. The mother withdrew her objection, and the girl underwent tonsure.
30.. Then the girl presented herself before the Blessed Lord, saying, " I have tonsured my head as directed by you."
31. The Blessed Lord then asked her, "What do you want? What part of his body you cherish?" The girl said, "I am in love with his nose, I am in love with his mouth, I am in love with his ears, I am in love with his voice, I am in love with his eyes, and I am in love with his gait."
32. The Blessed Lord then said to the girl, "Do you know that the eyes are the home of tears, the nose is the home of dirt, the mouth is the home of spit, the ear is the home of dirt, and the body is the container of dung and urine?"
33. "When men and women come together they procreate children. But where there is birth there is death also; where there is death there is sorrow also. My dear girl, what are you going to get by marrying Ananda? I do not know."
34. The girl began to cogitate, and agreed that there was no purpose in her marriage with Ananda, on which she was so intent; and she told the Blessed Lord accordingly.
35. After saluting the Blessed Lord, the girl said, "Owing to ignorance, I was going in pursuit of Ananda. My mind is now enlightened. I am like a sailor whose ship, after a mishap, has reached the other bank. I am like an unprotected aged person who has found protection. I am like the blind who has got new sight. The Blessed Lord by his wise words of advice has awakened me from my sleep."
36. "Blessed art thou, Prakrati, for though you are a Chandalika you will be a model for noblemen and noblewomen. You are of low caste, but Brahmins will learn a lesson from you. Swerve not from the path of justice and righteousness and you will outshine the royal glory of queens on the throne."
37. The marriage having failed, the only course for her was to join the Bhikkhuni Sangh.
38. Having expressed her wish she was admitted into it, though she belonged to the lowest class.
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